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Gerald Bull

Canadian ballistics engineer and supergun designer assassinated outside his Brussels apartment, allegedly by Mossad, over his work building a long-range artillery weapon for Iraq.

FieldDetails
Full NameGerald Vincent Bull
BornMarch 9, 1928 (North Bay, Ontario, Canada)
DiedMarch 22, 1990
Age at Death62
Location of DeathBrussels, Belgium
Cause of DeathShot five times in head and back with silenced pistol
Official RulingHomicide (unsolved)
Alleged Intelligence ConnectionMossad (primary suspect); CIA, MI6, Iran, Iraq also suspected
CategoryScientist / Weapons Expert

Assessment: HIGHLY SUSPICIOUS​

Gerald Bull was shot five times at point-blank range outside his apartment in Brussels while working on Project Babylon, a "supergun" for Saddam Hussein's Iraq. The assassination bears all the hallmarks of a professional intelligence operation -- a silenced pistol, nothing stolen, $20,000 in cash left untouched. According to investigative journalist Gordon Thomas, Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir sanctioned the killing and Mossad chief Nahum Admoni dispatched a three-man team to Brussels. No person has ever been charged.

Circumstances of Death​

On the evening of March 22, 1990, Bull returned to his sixth-floor apartment at 2 Place Guy d'Arezzo in the Uccle municipality of Brussels. As he approached his door, an assassin shot him five times -- three times in the head and twice in the back -- using a 7.65mm automatic pistol fitted with a professional silencer. His body was found slumped against the door by neighbors. Nothing was stolen from his apartment, and $20,000 in cash was left untouched, ruling out robbery as a motive. The precision of the killing -- five rounds from a silenced weapon at point-blank range, with no witnesses and no forensic evidence left behind -- pointed unmistakably to a professional intelligence operation.

According to Gordon Thomas in Gideon's Spies, within hours of the killing Mossad was allegedly distributing false stories to European media claiming that Bull had been shot by Iraqi agents -- a disinformation tactic reportedly designed to deflect suspicion from Israel.

Background​

Early Career: Canada's Prodigy​

Gerald Vincent Bull was born in North Bay, Ontario, in 1928. A prodigious talent in aeronautics and ballistics, he earned his PhD in aeronautical engineering from the University of Toronto at age 22, reportedly the youngest person ever to receive a doctorate from the institution. He was immediately recruited by the Canadian Armament Research and Development Establishment (CARDE), where he specialized in supersonic aerodynamics and high-velocity projectile research throughout the 1950s.

McGill University and Project HARP​

In 1961, at the age of 34, Bull became the youngest full professor ever appointed at McGill University. Working with Dean of Engineering Donald Mordell, he launched the High Altitude Research Project (HARP) in March 1962 -- a joint venture between McGill, the U.S. Army, and the Canadian Department of National Defence. The project's purpose was to develop a method of launching payloads into the upper atmosphere and ultimately into orbit using massive artillery pieces rather than rockets, which Bull believed would be far cheaper.

HARP established its main testing facility in Barbados, where Bull used modified 16-inch naval guns to fire specially designed "Martlet" projectiles into the upper atmosphere. On November 18, 1966, the HARP gun launched a Martlet-2 projectile to an altitude of 180 kilometers (111 miles) -- a world record for a gun-launched projectile that still stands today. Despite this achievement, public opposition to military spending during the Vietnam War era and competition from conventional rocket programs led both the U.S. and Canadian governments to cut funding for HARP in 1967.

Space Research Corporation and the South Africa Deal​

After HARP's cancellation, Bull founded the Space Research Corporation (SRC), headquartered on a 6,000-acre property straddling the Canada-U.S. border between Highwater, Quebec, and Jay, Vermont. SRC commercialized Bull's ballistics expertise, developing the GC-45 howitzer -- a 155mm gun widely considered revolutionary for its extended range and accuracy.

In violation of the 1977 United Nations arms embargo, Bull's SRC supplied South Africa's apartheid regime with gun barrels and approximately 30,000 artillery shells worth over $30 million. According to multiple sources, Bull undertook this work at the urging of the CIA, which viewed South Africa as a bulwark against Soviet operations in Angola. When the deal was exposed, U.S. Customs indicted Bull and his partner Rogers Gregory. Bull pleaded guilty, expecting a fine, but was sentenced to prison. He served approximately four to six months in 1980. The guilty plea meant no evidence of alleged U.S. government collusion in the arms exports was ever presented in court. Bull felt deeply betrayed -- according to colleagues, he believed the CIA had encouraged the South Africa work and then abandoned him.

Work for China​

After his release, Bull relocated SRC's operations to Brussels. During the 1980s, he secured contracts with China's state arms manufacturer Norinco. The People's Liberation Army initially hired Bull to develop a 155mm gun to counter Soviet firepower along China's northern border, resulting in the PLL-01 howitzer, which remains in service today. Bull and Norinco also collaborated on the W-90, a 203mm self-propelled artillery system, though it never advanced beyond the prototype stage -- partly due to Bull's death.

Project Babylon: Saddam's Supergun​

In 1988, Bull entered into his most ambitious and ultimately fatal contract: Project Babylon, commissioned by Iraqi president Saddam Hussein. The project called for the construction of a series of superguns based on Bull's HARP research. The plan included:

  • Baby Babylon -- A 350mm bore prototype with a barrel 46 meters (151 feet) long, weighing 102 tonnes. After testing with lead projectiles, this gun was mounted on a hillside at a 45-degree angle and reportedly achieved ranges of up to 750 kilometers (466 miles).
  • Big Babylon (PC-2) -- The full-scale weapon: a 1,000mm (one meter) bore with a barrel 156 meters (512 feet) long, weighing approximately 2,100 tonnes. It was intended as a space gun capable of launching 600-kilogram projectiles over 1,000 kilometers or into low Earth orbit using nine metric tons of specialized propellant.

The project objective was to provide Iraq with three Baby Babylon guns and two Big Babylon guns. Bull and British engineer Christopher Cowley set up a front company called Advanced Technology Institute (ATI) and farmed out engineering work for the gun components to firms across Europe, disguising the parts as "petrochemical pressure vessels."

For Bull, the project was always about his lifelong dream -- cheap access to space via gun-launched payloads. For Saddam Hussein, the strategic implications were what mattered.

Intelligence Connections​

  • According to Gordon Thomas in Gideon's Spies, Mossad chief Nahum Admoni sent a three-man assassination team to Brussels, and the killing was sanctioned by Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir
  • Bull had previously worked with CIA support on artillery projects, including HARP and the South Africa arms deal
  • According to multiple sources, Israeli intelligence reportedly warned Bull multiple times to stop his work for Iraq before the assassination; Bull reportedly dismissed these warnings
  • The CIA was aware of Bull's work for Iraq and reportedly debriefed him periodically; some analysts have questioned whether the CIA decided Bull had become a liability
  • MI6 also had interest in monitoring Bull's activities, given that British firms Sheffield Forgemasters and Walter Somers were manufacturing supergun components
  • Christopher Cowley testified before the UK House of Commons in 1992 that he and Bull had kept U.S. and British intelligence officials informed about their work in Iraq, and stated he believed Mossad was responsible for Bull's assassination
  • Iran had its own motive: preventing Iraq from acquiring a strategic weapon during the aftermath of the Iran-Iraq War
  • Chile, Syria, and South Africa have also been suggested as alternative suspects, given Bull's tangled web of arms clients

Bull's Naivete​

Multiple biographers and colleagues described Bull as politically naive despite his scientific brilliance. He saw himself purely as an engineer and scientist pursuing his dream of cheap space launch, and appeared genuinely unable to grasp that intelligence services viewed his work in strategic and lethal terms. According to the PBS Frontline documentary, Bull could not understand why nobody wanted to invest in his vision and why governments kept turning his peaceful research into weapons programs. He reportedly told colleagues he was "just building a big gun" and saw no difference between selling to South Africa, China, or Iraq -- they were all customers funding his real goal of orbital launch.

According to a report in the London Review of Books by Victor Mallet, Bull demonstrated a troubling carelessness: when Israeli visitors came to his Brussels office in late 1989, Bull was reportedly laughing because he had managed to keep the Israeli visitors on one floor from encountering Iraqi visitors on another floor of the same building. He reportedly told his assistant Monique that his Iraqi contacts had offered to kill Cowley after Bull casually mentioned that Cowley might talk to the press -- a remark Bull seemed to treat as a joke rather than a warning about the world he had entered.

Why This Death Raises Questions​

  • Professional execution: five shots at point-blank range with a silenced weapon, nothing stolen, no forensic trace -- hallmarks of a state intelligence operation
  • Multiple intelligence agencies had clear motive: Mossad (preventing an Iraqi superweapon), CIA (possible betrayal of a former asset), MI6, Iran
  • Bull had reportedly received explicit warnings from Mossad to stop his Iraq work but continued, believing he was protected by his value as a scientist
  • The timing came just months before Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in August 1990, when intelligence agencies were closely monitoring Iraqi weapons programs
  • Within weeks of Bull's death, on April 11, 1990, British customs seized eight sections of supergun barrel at Teesport Docks, disguised as petrochemical equipment -- the seizure led to the "Supergun Affair" political scandal in the UK involving Sheffield Forgemasters and Walter Somers
  • After Bull's assassination, Project Babylon collapsed entirely; most of his SRC staff returned to Canada
  • Christopher Cowley testified to Parliament that intelligence services had been informed about the supergun project throughout -- raising the question of why Bull was killed rather than stopped through legal channels
  • The Belgian police investigation produced no arrests, no suspects, and no trial -- consistent with cases where state intelligence services are involved
  • Despite clear intelligence motives and a textbook professional execution, no person has ever been charged in over 35 years

The Supergun Affair​

Bull's assassination triggered a chain of events that exposed the full scope of Project Babylon. On April 11, 1990 -- just three weeks after Bull's murder -- UK customs officers intercepted eight large steel tubes at Teesport Docks on Teesside. The tubes had been manufactured by Sheffield Forgemasters and Walter Somers, two prominent British engineering firms, and were labeled as "petrochemical pressure vessels" bound for Iraq. In reality, they were sections of the Big Babylon barrel, forged and milled to Bull's exacting specifications.

The seizure ignited a political scandal in Britain, drawing in Members of Parliament Hal Miller and Nicholas Ridley and raising questions about MI6's knowledge of the project. The affair became a central element of the later Scott Inquiry into British arms sales to Iraq. Additional supergun components were intercepted in Greece, Turkey, and Italy.

Key Quotes​

"Bull took his genius to the only market he could find. He was not a bad man. He was a brilliant man exploited by intelligence agencies and then killed by one of them." -- PBS Frontline, The Man Who Made the Supergun

"He could not understand why nobody wanted to invest in his vision of cheap access to space." -- colleague quoted in The Washington Post

"Gerald Bull was an extraordinarily complex and multi-faceted man -- scientist, arms dealer, multimillionaire, philosopher and prophet." -- Dale Grant, Wilderness of Mirrors: The Life of Gerald Bull

"He was the most talented designer of artillery in the century -- a man betrayed, who in despair and anger fell into the world of seedy arms merchants and ambitious third world dictators." -- James Adams, Bull's Eye

"I kept both the American and British intelligence fully informed of all my activities." -- Christopher Cowley, testimony to the UK House of Commons, 1992

See Also​

  • Mahmoud Al-Mabhouh -- another Mossad assassination target

  • Mohsen Fakhrizadeh -- Iranian nuclear scientist killed by Mossad

  • David Kelly -- British weapons inspector who died in connection with Iraq WMD claims

  • Imad Mughniyeh -- Hezbollah commander assassinated by joint CIA-Mossad operation

  • CIA (Group Profile) -- intelligence service connected to this case

  • Mossad (Group Profile) -- intelligence service connected to this case

Other Shocking Stories​

  • Ahmed Yassin: Wheelchair-bound, half-blind, quadriplegic. Israel killed him with a helicopter missile strike leaving a mosque.
  • Michael Hastings: Award-winning journalist's car exploded at 4 a.m. on a residential street. Richard Clarke said it looked consistent with a cyberattack.
  • David Kelly: Top UK weapons inspector found dead in the woods after exposing the Blair government's case for invading Iraq.
  • Zia ul-Haq: Pakistan's president, the US ambassador, and top generals all died in one plane crash. Sabotage widely suspected.

Sources​

This information was built by Grok and Claude AI research.

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